July 31
Indeed, in all parts of Persia His[Baha'u'llah's] enemies arose against Him
with the greatest hatred, imprisoning, killing and beating His converts, and
burning and razing to the ground thousands of dwellings, striving by every
means to exterminate and crush the Cause. In spite of all this, from the prison
of murderers, highway robbers and thieves, it became exalted. His teachings
were spread abroad, and His exhortations affected many of those who had been
the most full of hatred, and made them firm believers. Even the Persian
government itself became awakened and regretted that which had arisen through
the fault of the ‘ulamá. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, table talks in Akka, authenticated by ‘Abdu’l-Baha;
‘Some Answered Questions’)
July 30
What captives of superstitions people are! What troubles
they endure for the sake of name and fame! What fruit will these superstitions
bear? All are transitory and perishable and no trace of them will remain. It
will be as through they had never existed. They are sowing seeds in a barren
land. Man ought to sow pure seeds in a fertile soil. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, from an
address, July 29, 1912, Dublin, USA; ‘Mahmud’s Diary’)
July 29
Become ye a shelter and asylum to the fearful ones, be ye a cause of tranquillity and ease to the souls and hearts of the agitated ones, impart ye strength to the helpless ones, be ye a remedy and antidote to the afflicted ones, and a physician and nurse to the sick ones. Serve ye for the promotion of peace and concord and establish in this transitory world the foundation of friendship, fidelity, reconciliation and truthfulness. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, ‘Tablets of Abdu’l-Baha’, vol. 1)
July 28
O ye Cohorts of God! If you observe that a soul has turned
his face completely toward the Cause of God, his intention is centralized upon
the penetration of the Word of God, he is serving the Cause day and night with
the utmost fidelity, no scent of selfishness is inhaled from his manners and
deeds, and no trace of egotism or prejudice is seen in his personality—nay
rather is he a wanderer in the wilderness of the love of God, and one
intoxicated with the wine of the knowledge of God, occupied wholly with the
diffusion of the fragrances of God, and attracted to the signs of the Kingdom
of God; know ye of a certainty that he is confirmed with the powers of the
Kingdom, assisted by the heaven of Might; and he will shine, gleam and sparkle
like unto the morning star with the utmost brilliancy and splendor from the
horizon of the everlasting gift. If he is alloyed with the slightest trace of
passion, desire, ostentation or self-interest, it is certain that the results
of all efforts will prove fruitless, and he will become deprived and hopeless. (‘Abdu’l-Baha,
‘Tablets of Abdu’l-Baha’, vol. 1)
July 27
In the Hebrew Torah, it is recorded that from Noah's flood
until the birth of Abraham there was an interval of two hundred and ninety-two
years. In the Greek, that time span is given as one thousand and seventy-two
years, while the Samaritan, the recorded span is nine hundred and forty-two
years. Refer to the commentary by Henry Westcott for tables are supplied therein which show the
discrepancies among the three Torahs as to the birthdates of a number of the
descendants of Shem, and thou wilt see how greatly the versions differ from one
another. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, ‘Tablet of Wisdom questions and answers’, translated by
Baha’i World Centre, published in ‘Ethel
Jenner Rosenberg, the Life and Times of England's Outstanding Bahá'í Pioneer
Worker’, by Robert Weinberg)
July 26
Many Israelitish prophets either lived here or passed a
portion of their lives or sojourned for a while or spent the last days of their
existence on this mountain[Carmel].... Abraham, Isaac, Joseph, David, Solomon,
Moses, Isaiah, Zechariah and, last of all, Christ. Elijah lived on Mount Carmel.
... His Holiness Christ came to this holy mountain many times. (‘Abdu’l-Baha,
from a talk in 1914, quoted in Mirza Ahmad Sohrab, ‘Mount Carmel, the Vineyard
of God,’ in Star of the West, vol. 14, no. 5, August 1923; include in the book:
‘Zikrullah Khadem, The Itinerant Hand of the Cause of God’)
July 25
This mountain [Carmel] is where Israel's prophets
passed their nights in prayers. Every step of it has been blessed by the
footsteps of the prophets .... This land will be the envy of the world, the
center of arts and sciences. 'Akka and Haifa will be connected and all the
vacant lands will be cultivated. All these caves that you see have been the
abode of the prophets, step by step. Every atom of this soil is holy. All the
prophets, while praying, longed to reach this day and give the glad tidings of
the coming of the Lord. They prophesied that the Lord of Hosts would come and the
tent of the Lord would be pitched on Mount Carmel. ... in all these mountains and
caves the prophets of God prayed at night, shed tears, and longed to be with us
in these days of the Blessed Beauty. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, from talks to pilgrim in 1907; ’Memories
of Dr. Habib Mu’ayyad’, pp. 19, 21, 22, 53; include in the book: ‘Zikrullah
Khadem, The Itinerant Hand of the Cause of God’)
July 24
Thou seest me, O my God, in this lofty Mountain, this high and exalted place .. . , the abode of the prophets, the haven of Elijah, the sanctuary of Isaiah, the heights which the Spirit of God, Jesus Christ – upon Him rest salutation and praise - hath traversed, this most exalted Spot blessed by the footsteps of the Lord of Hosts. O Lord! This is the Mountain that Thou hast named Carmel in the Torah, and hast related unto Thyself within the treasury of the holy Scriptures and Tablets. In the midst of the darksome nights, O Lord, I earnestly pray unto Thee in this most exalted Spot. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, from a Tablet, translation approved by the Universal House of Justice, included in the book: Zikrullah Khadem, The Itinerant Hand of the Cause of God’)
July 23
The canopy of existence resteth upon the pole of justice,
and not of forgiveness, and the life of mankind dependeth on justice and not on
forgiveness. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, quoted by Shoghi Effendi in ‘The Advent of Divine
Justice’)
July 22
Now concerning the Essence of Divinity: in truth it is on no
account determined by anything apart from its own nature, and can in no wise be
comprehended. For whatsoever can be conceived by man is a reality that hath
limitations and is not unlimited; it is circumscribed, not all-embracing. It
can be comprehended by man, and is controlled by him. Similarly it is certain
that all human conceptions are contingent, not absolute; that they have a
mental existence, not a material one. Moreover, differentiation of stages in
the contingent world is an obstacle to understanding. How then can the
contingent conceive the Reality of the absolute? As previously mentioned,
differentiation of stages in the contingent plane is an obstacle to
understanding. Minerals, plants and animals are bereft of the mental faculties
of man that discover the realities of all things, but man himself comprehendeth
all the stages beneath him. Every superior stage comprehendeth that which is
inferior and discovereth the reality thereof, but the inferior one is unaware
of that which is superior and cannot comprehend it. Thus man cannot grasp the
Essence of Divinity, but can, by his reasoning power, by observation, by his
intuitive faculties and the revealing power of his faith, believe in God, discover
the bounties of His Grace. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, ’Tablet to August Forel’)
July 21
Remember what Christ said; you have taken the gifts of God without money and without price; so also you must freely give. This command shows too that all these gifts
are sent to you by the free generosity of your God and not on account of any merit on your part, and you must rejoice greatly in the
loving mercy of your God upon you and all. For all will taste of these free gifts before long. They will come from the East and from the
West to the Kingdom of God; and even as Christ has foretold this also has come
to pass, that some of those who are nearest are cut off, whilst those from a
far distance receive these great gifts. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, from an address, quoted
by May Maxwell in ‘An Early Pilgrimage’)
July 20
One of the believers asked how we could cut our hearts from
the world
'Abdu'l-Baha answered:
If your hearts are
turned always toward God, and filled with the love of Cod, that love will
separate them from all other things, that love will be the
wall that will come between them and every other desire. You must all be joined one to another in heart and soul, then you will be prospered in your work and gain ever greater gifts, and the Cause of God will be
spread through all the countries by your means. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, from
an address, quoted by May Maxwell in ‘An Early Pilgrimage’)
July 19
The Theosophists are educating a boy in the schools of
Europe and say that he will become the promised one of all nations. How
ignorant this is! God must select the Promised One, not men. The lamp that men
ignite will be put out; but the Lamp of God is ever bright. He who is educated
by men is always dependent on men. How can he give eternal prosperity? It is as
if a person wishes to make a sun out of oil and wick. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, from an
address, July 28, 1912, Dublin, USA; ‘Mahmud’s Diary’)
July 18
All realities and spirits are immortal, even the spirits of
non-believers and imperfect persons. But they cannot be compared in any way
with the spirits of the sanctified souls and holy personages. Although this
wood has existence, yet in comparison with the existence of man, it is as
nothing. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, from an address, August 8, 1912, Dublin, USA; ‘Mahmud’s
Diary’)
July 17
Love is light in whatsoever house it may shine and enmity is
darkness in whatsoever abode it dwell. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, ‘Baha’i World Faith)
July 16
Summon ye the people to God and call the souls to the
manners and conduct of the Supreme Concourse. To the orphans be ye kind
fathers, and to the unfortunate a refuge and shelter. To the poor be a treasure
of wealth, and to the sick a remedy and healing. Be a helper of every oppressed one, the protector of every destitute one, be ye
ever mindful to serve any soul of mankind. Attach no importance to
self-seeking, rejection, arrogance, oppression and enmity. Heed them not. Deal
in the contrary way. Be kind in truth, not only in appearance and outwardly.
Every soul of the friends of God must concentrate his mind on this, that he may
manifest the mercy of God and the bounty of the Forgiving One. He must do good
to every soul whom he encounters, and render benefit to him, becoming the cause
of improving the morals and correcting the thoughts so that the light of
guidance may shine forth and the bounty of His Holiness the Merciful One may
encompass. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, ‘Baha’i World Faith)
July 15
O ye friends of God! Appreciate the value of this precious
Revelation, move and act in accordance with it and walk in the straight path
and the right way. Show it to the people. Raise the melody of the Kingdom and
spread abroad the teachings and ordinances of the loving Lord so that the world
may become another world, the darkened earth may become illumined and the dead
body of the people may obtain new life. Every soul may seek everlasting life
through the breath of the Merciful. Life in this mortal world will quickly come
to an end, and this earthly glory, wealth, comfort and happiness will soon
vanish and be no more. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, ‘Baha’i World Faith)
July 14
Firstly: He[Baha’u’llah] lays stress on the search for
Truth. This is most important, because the people are too easily led by
tradition. It is because of this that they are often antagonistic to each
other, and dispute with one another. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, from a talk, September 30,
1911, London; ‘Abdu’l-Baha in London’)
July 13
The most learned and accomplished divines, the most
distinguished scholars, have diligently studied those branches of knowledge the
root and origin of which were the Greek philosophers such as Aristotle and the
rest, and have regarded the acquisition from the Greek texts of sciences such
as medicine, and branches of mathematics including algebra and arithmetic, as a most
valuable achievement. Every one of the eminent divines both studies and teaches
the science of logic, although they consider its founder to have been a Sabean.
Most of them have insisted that if a scholar has thoroughly mastered a variety
of sciences but is not well grounded in logic, his opinions, deductions and
conclusions cannot safely be relied upon. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, ‘The Secret of Divine
Civilization’)
July 12
O ye Cohorts of God! Through the protection and help of the
Blessed Perfection—may my life be a sacrifice to His beloved ones! —you must
conduct and deport yourselves in such a manner that you may stand out among
other souls distinguished by a brilliancy like unto the sun. If any one of you
enters a city he must become the center of attraction because of the sincerity,
faithfulness, love, honesty, fidelity, truthfulness and loving-kindness of his
disposition and nature toward all the inhabitants of the world, that the people
of the city may all cry out: “This person is unquestionably a Bahai; for his
manners, his behaviour, his conduct, his morals, his nature and his disposition
are of the attributes of the Baha’is.” Until you do attain to this station, you
have not fulfilled the Covenant and the Testament of God. For according to the
irrefutable texts, He has taken from us a firm covenant that we may live and
act in accord with the divine exhortations, commands and lordly teachings.
(‘Abdu’l-Baha, ‘Tablets of ‘Abdu’l-Baha’, vol. 1)
July 11
All true healing comes from God! There are two causes for
sickness, one is material, the other spiritual. If the sickness is of the body,
a material remedy is needed, if of the soul, a spiritual remedy.
If the heavenly benediction be upon us while we are being
healed then only can we be made whole, for medicine is but the outward and
visible means through which we obtain the heavenly healing. Unless the spirit
be healed, the cure of the body is worth nothing. All is in the hands of God,
and without Him there can be no health in us! (‘Abdu’l-Baha, from a talk,
October 19, 1911, Paris; ‘Paris Talks’)
July 10
Salutations, blessings, and welcome to that Universal
Reality, that Perfect Word, that Manifest Book, that Splendour which hath
dawned in the highest heaven, that Guide of all nations, that Light of the
world—the billowing ocean of Whose abounding grace hath flooded all creation,
in such wise that the waves thereof have cast upon the sands of this visible
world their shining pearls. Now hath the Truth appeared, and falsehood fled
away; now hath the day dawned and jubilation taken over, wherefore men’s souls
are sanctified, their spirits purged, their hearts rejoiced, their minds
purified, their secret thoughts made wholesome, their consciences washed clean,
their inmost selves made holy: for the Day of Resurrection hath come to pass,
and the bestowals of thy Lord, the Forgiving, have encompassed all things.
Salutations and praise be unto those luminous, resplendent stars that are
shedding down their rays from the highest heaven, those celestial bodies of the
girdling zodiac of the Abhá Realm. May glory rest upon them. (‘Abdu’l-Baha,
‘Selections from the Writings of ‘Abdu’l-Baha’)
July 9
Bahá’u’lláh was a Persian personage descended from prominent
lineage. During His early years a Youth Whose name was ‘Alí-Muhammad appeared
in Persia. He was entitled the Báb, which means door or gate. The bearer of
this title was a great Soul from Whom spiritual signs and evidences became
manifest. He withstood the tests of time and lived contrary to the custom and
usages of Persia. He revealed a new system of faith opposed to the beliefs in
His country and promulgated certain principles contrary to the thoughts of the
people. For this, that remarkable Personality was imprisoned by the Persian
government. Eventually, by order of the government He was martyred. The account
of this martyrdom, briefly stated, is as follows: He was suspended in a square
as a target and shot to death. This revered Personage foreshadowed the advent
of another Soul of Whom He said, “When He cometh He shall reveal greater things
unto you.” (‘Abdu’l-Baha, from a talk, 25 October 1912, Sacramento, California; 'The Promulgation of the Universal Peace')
July 8
This body of the Hands of the Cause of God is under the
direction of the Guardian of the Cause of God. He must continually urge them to
strive and endeavor to the utmost of their ability to diffuse the sweet savors
of God, and to guide all the peoples of the world, for it is the light of
Divine Guidance that causeth all the universe to be illumined. To disregard,
though it be for a moment, this absolute command which is binding upon
everyone, is in no wise permitted, that the existent world may become even as
the Abhá Paradise, that the surface of the earth may become heavenly, that
contention and conflict amidst peoples, kindreds, nations and governments may
disappear, that all the dwellers on earth may become one people and one race,
that the world may become even as one home. Should differences arise, they
shall be amicably and conclusively settled by the Supreme Tribunal, that shall
include members from all the governments and peoples of the world.
(‘Abdu’l-Baha, ‘The Will and Testament of ‘Abdu’l-Baha’)
July 7
“And the same hour there was a great earthquake, and the
tenth part of the city fell, and in the earthquake were slain of men seven
thousand.” [Revelations 11:13]
This earthquake occurred in Shíráz after the martyrdom of the Báb. The city was in a turmoil, and many people were destroyed. Great agitation also took place through diseases, cholera, dearth, scarcity, famine and afflictions, the like of which had never been known.
“And the remnant was affrighted and gave glory to the God of heaven.” [Revelations 11:13]
When the earthquake took place in Fárs, all the remnant lamented and cried day and night, and were occupied in glorifying and praying to God. They were so troubled and affrighted that they had no sleep nor rest at night. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, ‘Some Answered Questions’)
This earthquake occurred in Shíráz after the martyrdom of the Báb. The city was in a turmoil, and many people were destroyed. Great agitation also took place through diseases, cholera, dearth, scarcity, famine and afflictions, the like of which had never been known.
“And the remnant was affrighted and gave glory to the God of heaven.” [Revelations 11:13]
When the earthquake took place in Fárs, all the remnant lamented and cried day and night, and were occupied in glorifying and praying to God. They were so troubled and affrighted that they had no sleep nor rest at night. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, ‘Some Answered Questions’)
July 6
Among the results of the manifestation of spiritual forces
will be that the human world will adapt itself to a new social form, the
justice of God will become manifest throughout human affairs, and human
equality will be universally established. The poor will receive a great
bestowal, and the rich attain eternal happiness. For although at the present
time the rich enjoy the greatest luxury and comfort, they are nevertheless
deprived of eternal happiness; for eternal happiness is contingent upon giving,
and the poor are everywhere in the state of abject need. Through the
manifestation of God’s great equity the poor of the world will be rewarded and
assisted fully, and there will be a readjustment in the economic conditions of
mankind so that in the future there will not be the abnormally rich nor the
abject poor. The rich will enjoy the privilege of this new economic condition
as well as the poor, for owing to certain provisions and restrictions they will
not be able to accumulate so much as to be burdened by its management, while
the poor will be relieved from the stress of want and misery. The rich will
enjoy his palace, and the poor will have his comfortable cottage. (‘Abdu’l-Baha,
from a talk, 19 May 1912, New Jersey; ‘The Promulgation of Universal Peace’)
July 5
O ye Cohorts of God! Today in the present world each
community is wandering in a wilderness, moving in accord with some passion and
desire, and running to and fro in pursuance of his own imagination. Among the
communities of the world, this community of the “Most Great Name” is free from
every thought, keeping aloof from every project and scheme, arising with the
purest designs and intentions, and striving and endeavoring with the utmost
hope to live in accordance with the divine teachings in order that the surface
of the earth become the delectable paradise, the nether world become the mirror
of the Kingdom, the universe become another universe, and the human race attain
to higher morals, conduct and manners. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, ‘Tablets of ‘Abdu’l-Baha’’,
vol. 1)
July 4
So Husayn Khán [the governor of the province of Fárs
in Persia] ordered ‘Abdu’l-Hamíd Khán the high constable to attack the
house of the Báb’s maternal uncle at midnight on all sides, and to bring Him
and all His followers handcuffed. But ‘Abdu’l-Hamíd Khán and his hosts
found no one in the house save the Báb, His maternal uncle, and Siyyid Kázim of
Zanján; and as it chanced that on that night the sickness of the plague and the
extreme heat of the weather had compelled Husayn Khán to flee, he
released the Báb on condition of His quitting the city.
On the morning after that night the Báb with Siyyid Kázim of Zanján set out from Shíráz for Isfáhán. Before reaching Isfáhán He wrote a letter to the Mu’tamídu’d-Dawlih, the governor of the province, requesting a lodging in some suitable place with the sanction of the government. The governor appointed the mansion of the Imám-Jum’ih. There He abode forty days; and one day, agreeably to the request of the Imám, He wrote without reflection a commentary on [the Súrih of] V’al-‘Asr before the company. [Qur’án 103] When this news reached the Mu’tamíd he sought an interview with Him and questioned Him concerning the “Special Mission.” At that same interview an answer proving the “Special Mission” was written. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, ‘A Traveler’s Narrative’)
On the morning after that night the Báb with Siyyid Kázim of Zanján set out from Shíráz for Isfáhán. Before reaching Isfáhán He wrote a letter to the Mu’tamídu’d-Dawlih, the governor of the province, requesting a lodging in some suitable place with the sanction of the government. The governor appointed the mansion of the Imám-Jum’ih. There He abode forty days; and one day, agreeably to the request of the Imám, He wrote without reflection a commentary on [the Súrih of] V’al-‘Asr before the company. [Qur’án 103] When this news reached the Mu’tamíd he sought an interview with Him and questioned Him concerning the “Special Mission.” At that same interview an answer proving the “Special Mission” was written. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, ‘A Traveler’s Narrative’)
July 3
Thoughts may be divided into two classes:
(1st) Thought that belongs to the world of thought alone.
(2nd) Thought that expresses itself in action.
Some men and women glory in their exalted thoughts, but if these thoughts never reach the plane of action they remain useless: the power of thought is dependent on its manifestation in deeds. A philosopher’s thought may, however, in the world of progress and evolution, translate itself into the actions of other people, even when they themselves are unable or unwilling to show forth their grand ideals in their own lives. To this class the majority of philosophers belong, their teachings being high above their actions. This is the difference between philosophers who are Spiritual Teachers, and those who are mere philosophers: the Spiritual Teacher is the first to follow His own teaching; He brings down into the world of action His spiritual conceptions and ideals. His Divine thoughts are made manifest to the world. His thought is Himself, from which He is inseparable. When we find a philosopher emphasizing the importance and grandeur of justice, and then encouraging a rapacious monarch in his oppression and tyranny, we quickly realize that he belongs to the first class: for he thinks heavenly thoughts and does not practise the corresponding heavenly virtues.
This state is impossible with Spiritual Philosophers, for they ever express their high and noble thoughts in actions. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, from a talk, October 18, 2011, Paris)
(1st) Thought that belongs to the world of thought alone.
(2nd) Thought that expresses itself in action.
Some men and women glory in their exalted thoughts, but if these thoughts never reach the plane of action they remain useless: the power of thought is dependent on its manifestation in deeds. A philosopher’s thought may, however, in the world of progress and evolution, translate itself into the actions of other people, even when they themselves are unable or unwilling to show forth their grand ideals in their own lives. To this class the majority of philosophers belong, their teachings being high above their actions. This is the difference between philosophers who are Spiritual Teachers, and those who are mere philosophers: the Spiritual Teacher is the first to follow His own teaching; He brings down into the world of action His spiritual conceptions and ideals. His Divine thoughts are made manifest to the world. His thought is Himself, from which He is inseparable. When we find a philosopher emphasizing the importance and grandeur of justice, and then encouraging a rapacious monarch in his oppression and tyranny, we quickly realize that he belongs to the first class: for he thinks heavenly thoughts and does not practise the corresponding heavenly virtues.
This state is impossible with Spiritual Philosophers, for they ever express their high and noble thoughts in actions. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, from a talk, October 18, 2011, Paris)
July 2
Sixty years ago Bahá’u’lláh was in Persia. Seventy years ago
the Báb appeared there. These two Blessed Souls devoted Their lives to the
foundation of international peace and love among mankind. They strove with
heart and soul to establish the teachings by which divergent people might be
brought together and no strife, rancor or hatred prevail. Bahá’u’lláh,
addressing all humanity, said that Adam, the parent of mankind, may be likened
to the tree of nativity upon which you are the leaves and blossoms. Inasmuch as
your origin was one, you must now be united and agreed; you must consort with
each other in joy and fragrance. He pronounced prejudice—whether religious,
racial, patriotic, political—the destroyer of the body politic. He said that
man must recognize the oneness of humanity, for all in origin belong to the
same household, and all are servants of the same God. Therefore, mankind must
continue in the state of fellowship and love, emulating the institutions of God
and turning away from satanic promptings, for the divine bestowals bring forth
unity and agreement, whereas satanic leadings induce hatred and war. (‘Abdu’l-Baha,
from a talk, 13 May 1912, New York; ‘The Promulgation of Universal Peace’)
July 1
O army of God! The Exalted One, the Báb, gave up His life.
The Blessed Perfection gave up a hundred lives at every breath. He bore
calamities. He suffered anguish. He was imprisoned. He was chained. He was made
homeless and was banished to distant lands. Finally, then, He lived out His days
in the Most Great Prison. Likewise, a great multitude of the lovers of God who
followed this path have tasted the honey of martyrdom and they gave up
everything—life, possessions, kindred—all they had. How many homes were reduced
to rubble; how many dwellings were broken into and pillaged; how many a noble
building went to the ground; how many a palace was battered into a tomb. And
all this came about that humankind might be illumined, that ignorance might
yield to knowledge, that men of earth might become men of heaven, that discord
and dissension might be torn out by the roots, and the Kingdom of Peace become
established over all the world. Strive ye now that this bounty become manifest,
and this best-beloved of all hopes be realized in splendour throughout the
community of man. (‘Abdu’l-Baha, ‘Selections from the Writings of ‘Abdu’l-Baha’)
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